Logarithms were invented by John Napier, early in the 17th century. The Frenchman Rene Descartes developed the analytic geometry and Cartesian coordinates. Pierre de Fermat and Blaise Pascal had great contributions to number theory, calculus, and probability theory. Newton and Leibnitz applied their ideas on calculus for solving a variety of problems in physics, astronomy, and engineering in the 18th century. In 1806, Jean-Robert Argand developed a complex number (of the form a+ib ) that could be represented on geometric diagrams and manipulated using trigonometry and vector. By the contribution of different mathematicians, Non-euclidean geometry was developed. Three branches of geometry: Euclidean, Elliptical, and Hyperbolic geometry worked all together. Different complexity of mathematical concepts was raised in the 19th century.
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